Bibliography validated · cited sections reviewedmatches target2014
Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2014). Color Psychology: Effects of Perceiving Color on Psychological Functioning in Humans. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 95–120. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115035
- Measured
- Reviews of theory and evidence on how perceiving colour affects feelings, thinking and behaviour.
- Finding
- The 2014 review describes context-dependent colour meaning and cautions about colour control, statistical power, sample diversity and applying controlled laboratory results to everyday settings. Elliot (2015) offers similar cautions in the identified full-text sections.
- Conditions
- Narrative reviews, not a single experiment. The effects they summarise are domain-specific.
- Editorial hypothesis · test it
- Read every card here as context-bound. Your audience, platform and message form the context.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: 2014 and 2015 cited full-text sections reviewed; 2012 findings not reviewed. Full text: 2014 cited sections reviewed in author upload; 2012 chapter not reviewed.
- Source locations
- Abstract — scope and generalizability caution
DOI, title, authors, container, pages and date fields; no abstract deposited
Color-in-context theory; Methodological considerations; Conclusion
Author-uploaded text identified internally as the 2014 Annual Review article by title/DOI, despite the page’s 2012 chapter label: pp. 99–101, Methodological Considerations; pp. 110–112, Future Directions - Publication dates
- Online-first: 2013-06-26; issue: 2014-01-03; citation year: 2014.
- Review limitations
- The author-upload page is labelled as the 2012 chapter, but the displayed document title, DOI and pagination identify the 2014 article. It is used only for those 2014 sections. The 2012 chapter and each underlying study remain unverified. No measured Wada/video outcome is established.
Application advice is a testable editorial hypothesis, not a measured Wada-palette/video outcome or guarantee.
Bibliography validated · abstract reviewmatches target2023
Edwards, T. M. (2023). Designing for Hope: Biophilic Color Associations and Their Relevance to Clinical Settings. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 16(4), 159–171. doi:10.1177/19375867231173410
- Measured
- Which of four biophilic colours (red, yellow, green, blue), and which colour depth, participants identified as evoking the strongest experience of hope.
- Finding
- The abstract reports strongest hope for yellow at maximal colour depth (p < .001), and reports no evident priming effect in Experiment 3. The latter was not independently interpreted from full methods.
- Conditions
- 154 adults across three experiments using coloured test cards; healthcare design framing. The reviewed abstract reports hope associations, not a video-retention outcome.
- Editorial hypothesis · test it
- For a hope message, test the deepest yellow already inside your chosen Wada set as the accent rather than adding an outside neon.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: reviewed at abstract level. Full text: not reviewed.
- Source locations
- Abstract — Methods and Results
DOI, title, authors, container, pages and date fields; publisher-deposited abstract - Publication dates
- Online-first: 2023-05-16; issue: 2023-10; citation year: 2023.
- Review limitations
- Full methods, stimuli and underlying data were not reviewed. No measured Wada/video outcome is established by this review. The abstract reports no priming effect with p < .05; that wording is retained as an author report, not independently interpreted without full methods. Targeted publisher/author/repository access checks on 2026-10-10 did not obtain the full article; this is an access limit, not evidence that no accessible copy exists.
Application advice is a testable editorial hypothesis, not a measured Wada-palette/video outcome or guarantee.
Overcited · weak provenance2006
Singh, S. (2006). Impact of color on marketing. Management Decision, 44(6), 783–789. doi:10.1108/00251740610673332
- Measured
- Literature review of colour psychology in marketing, not a new experiment.
- Finding
- No quantitative marketing effect is retained from this secondary review. The widely repeated judgement-window and colour-contribution figures were withheld because their original study, sample and denominator were not verified.
- Conditions
- A secondary summary range inside a review. It is not a measured effect for any medium, audience or metric.
- Editorial hypothesis · test it
- Overcited, weak provenance. Do not use it as a KPI or as a promise to clients.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: abstract reviewed; unsupported quantitative claim withheld. Full text: not reviewed.
- Source locations
- Abstract — Purpose and Design/methodology/approach; original percentage provenance not traced
DOI, title, authors, container, pages and date fields; publisher-deposited abstract - Publication dates
- Online-first: not supplied in reviewed metadata; issue: 2006-07-01; citation year: 2006.
- Review limitations
- The publisher abstract contains the widely repeated figures, but the original primary study, population, metric and denominator were not traced in the targeted review. Neither the full article nor underlying percentage evidence was reviewed. Do not use this reference as a KPI.
Application advice is a testable editorial hypothesis, not a measured Wada-palette/video outcome or guarantee.
Bibliography validated · cited sections reviewed1997
Gorn, G. J., Chattopadhyay, A., Yi, T., & Dahl, D. W. (1997). Effects of Color as an Executional Cue in Advertising: They're in the Shade. Management Science, 43(10), 1387–1400. doi:10.1287/mnsc.43.10.1387
- Measured
- Feelings (relaxation, excitement) and ad liking when the hue, chroma and value of colours in a print ad were varied between subjects.
- Finding
- Higher value (lighter) colours increased ad liking, mediated by greater relaxation. Higher chroma raised excitement, which in turn increased ad likeability.
- Conditions
- The June 1996 university-hosted working manuscript reports a print ad for a fictitious paint brand: 156 undergraduates assigned to eight conditions, 146 usable responses after colour-vision exclusions. Munsell red/blue hue, chroma 2/8 and value 3/7 were varied. These are manuscript methods, not independently checked final-article methods; feelings and ad liking are not purchases or video retention.
- Editorial hypothesis · test it
- Calm target: favour the highest-lightness colours in the set for ground and type. Excitement target: give the accent role to the set's highest-chroma colour.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: 1997 publisher abstract and June 1996 manuscript methods/results sections reviewed. Full text: June 1996 manuscript cited sections reviewed; final 1997 article not reviewed.
- Source locations
- Abstract — experimental results and follow-up
DOI, title, authors, container, pages and date fields; publisher-deposited abstract
June 1996 working manuscript: printed pp. 10–17 (PDF pp. 14–21), Main Study and Results; cover date on PDF p. 1 - Publication dates
- Online-first: not supplied in reviewed metadata; issue: 1997-10; citation year: 1997.
- Review limitations
- The institutional copy predates the cited final article. Its methods and results support the retained value/chroma summary, but version equivalence, final follow-up details and underlying data were not verified. Munsell measures are not interchangeable with the site’s OKLCH heuristics. No measured Wada/video outcome is established.
Application advice is a testable editorial hypothesis, not a measured Wada-palette/video outcome or guarantee.
Bibliography validated · cited sections reviewed2018
Rizomyliotis, I., Konstantoulaki, K., & Kostopoulos, I. (2018). Reassessing the Effect of Colour on Attitude and Behavioural Intentions in Promotional Activities: The Moderating Role of Mood and Involvement. Australasian Marketing Journal, 26(3), 204–215. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.04.002
- Measured
- Self-reported attitude and intention to seek further information after viewing promotional images with blue, red or black-and-white backgrounds; mood and purchase involvement were manipulated.
- Finding
- The accepted manuscript reports more positive attitudes and intentions to seek information for blue than red backgrounds. Mood/involvement moderation was partly supported: Study 2 found the involvement interaction only for attitude and the mood interaction only for intention; Study 3’s attitude-by-involvement result was marginal (p < .10). These are reported intentions, not observed purchases or retention.
- Conditions
- Three student experiments (n = 192, 180, 179) using images of a window display, trade-show kiosk and guerrilla promotion for glass furniture. Background colour varied within participants; mood and involvement varied between participants. The authors report holding saturation/value constant; that control was not independently calibrated here.
- Editorial hypothesis · test it
- Treat a cool Wada ground as a hypothesis for low-involvement, good-mood viewing. It is not a universal winner.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: accepted manuscript methods/results/discussion sections reviewed. Full text: cited accepted-manuscript sections reviewed; final publisher text not reviewed.
- Source locations
- Abstract — three experiments and moderators
DOI, title, authors, container, pages and date fields; publisher-deposited abstract
Accepted manuscript: §§2.1–2.3, participants, manipulations, measures and results (PDF pp. 9–18); §2.4 discussion (pp. 19–21)
Repository identifies Accepted Version, CC BY-NC-ND licence, DOI and acceptance date 2018-04-15 - Publication dates
- Online-first: 2018-08; issue: 2018-08; citation year: 2018.
- Review limitations
- Accepted manuscript, not the final publisher version. Its title matches; author order on its cover differs from the final publisher citation. Self-reported attitudes/information-seeking intentions in student image tasks do not establish behavioural conversion. Stimulus calibration, raw data, replication and every cited reference were not verified. No measured Wada/video outcome is established.
Application advice is a testable editorial hypothesis, not a measured Wada-palette/video outcome or guarantee.
Bibliography validated · abstract review2012
Labrecque, L. I., & Milne, G. R. (2012). Exciting red and competent blue: the importance of color in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(5), 711–727. doi:10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y
- Measured
- How hue, saturation and value relate to perceived brand personality (four studies, including logo studies).
- Finding
- The abstract describes four studies mapping hues to brand personality and examining saturation/value, purchase intent, liking and familiarity. Red/excitement and blue/competence appear in the title; detailed hue results were not rechecked in full text.
- Conditions
- Brand and logo perception. Detailed hue results, stimulus conditions and brand/category boundary conditions were not checked beyond the abstract.
- Editorial hypothesis · test it
- Check that the set's temperature fits your brand and category before reading anything into a single hue.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: reviewed at abstract level. Full text: not reviewed.
- Source locations
- Abstract — Studies 1–4; title for red/excitement and blue/competence
DOI, title, authors, container, pages and date fields; no abstract deposited - Publication dates
- Online-first: 2011-01-28; issue: 2012-09; citation year: 2012.
- Review limitations
- Full methods, stimuli and underlying data were not reviewed. No measured Wada/video outcome is established by this review. Targeted publisher/author/repository access checks on 2026-10-10 did not obtain the full article; this is an access limit, not evidence that no accessible copy exists.
Application advice is a testable editorial hypothesis, not a measured Wada-palette/video outcome or guarantee.
Retention · bounded review
No Wada-palette or short-form-video retention lift was identified in the material reviewed for these cards on 2026-10-10. This targeted review does not establish absence across the literature. Run your own test.
- Hypothesis: “Changing only the accent from X to Y raises <metric> for <audience> on <platform>.”
- Primary metric (pick one before launch): 3-second view rate, average % watched / completion, CTR, or D1 return.
- Guardrails: comments/negative feedback, hide/skip rate, and caption contrast (≥ 4.5:1).
- Variant design: control and variant are identical except the accent colour. Lock ground, type, copy, music, cut timing and thumbnail.
- Randomise exposure (platform A/B or split audiences). Publish both at the same time if the platform has no A/B tool.
- Sample size: estimate before launch (calculator below), then do not stop early on a good-looking day.
- Duration: cover at least one full weekly cycle so weekday/weekend mix is equal across arms.
- Record the palette JSON, roles and dates with the result so the test can be repeated.
Lehr's rule of thumb, n ≈ 16·p(1−p)/δ² (80% power, α .05, two-sided). Use a proper power calculation before you rely on the result.
Site substitutes baseline rate for the two-arm mean rate described by Lehr; a planning shortcut, not an exact power analysis. Not suitable for continuous watch-time means, clustered exposure or repeated viewers without a different calculation.
Reviewed on 2026-10-10: six main DOI records, two auxiliary color-psychology references and the sample-size reference. Bibliographic validation is separate from abstract or full-text review; see each status. Wada/video applications are testable editorial hypotheses, not measured outcomes.
2026-10-10 · The six cards, Elliot & Maier (2012), Elliot (2015), and Lehr (1992) already cited by this site. Match DOI, authors, title, journal/chapter, pages and dates against publisher records and Crossref deposits; inspect accessible abstracts and identified full-text sections. Follow DOI-specific OpenAlex locations to authoritative repositories and inspect author/publication records for remaining access gaps on 2026-10-10. Manuscript versions are identified separately. This is a targeted citation review, not a systematic literature search. Partial abstract/manuscript-section review does not verify every final method, stimulus, effect size, replication or reference. No Wada-palette or short-form-video retention effect was identified in the reviewed material; inaccessible text is not evidence of absence.
Auxiliary references
Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2012). Color-in-Context Theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 61–125.
Theory chapter, not a new experiment; measured settings and findings not reviewed because publisher chapter access was unavailable.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: not reviewed. Full text: not reviewed.
- Source locations
- Publisher chapter access returned 403; Crossref metadata has no abstract.
Bibliographic metadata
References — Elliot and Maier (2012), volume 45, pp. 61–125 - Review limitations
- 2012 chapter findings remain unverified and are not used to substantiate the card. A public author upload under the chapter label contains the different 2014 review; it does not verify this chapter.
Elliot, A. J. (2015). Color and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and empirical work. Frontiers in Psychology, 6:368.
Narrative review across achievement, attraction and consumer contexts; no new Wada/video experiment.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: reviewed in identified full-text sections. Full text: cited sections reviewed.
- Source locations
- Color-in-context theory; Methodological considerations; Conclusion
Bibliographic metadata - Review limitations
- Review does not validate every cited underlying study.
Lehr, R. (1992). Sixteen S-squared over D-squared: A relation for crude sample size estimates. Statistics in Medicine, 11(8), 1099–1102.
Two independent groups; approximate 80% power, alpha .05 two-sided; not a color/video outcome.
- Review status · 2026-10-10
- Bibliography: validated. Finding: reviewed in full text. Full text: reviewed.
- Source locations
- Article pp. 1099–1102: equation (1), independent-proportions paragraph, final cautions
Bibliographic metadata - Review limitations
- Site substitutes baseline rate for the two-arm mean rate described by Lehr; a planning shortcut, not an exact power analysis. Not suitable for continuous watch-time means, clustered exposure or repeated viewers without a different calculation.